GIStutkimus

GIStutkimus refers to a range of diagnostic investigations aimed at evaluating the gastrointestinal tract, from the esophagus to the rectum, and in some cases the liver and biliary system. It is used to investigate symptoms such as abdominal pain, dyspepsia, reflux, bleeding, changed bowel habits, and unexplained weight loss, as well as to monitor known conditions.

Common methods include endoscopic procedures such as gastroscopy and colonoscopy, which allow direct visualization and biopsy. Imaging studies include radiographic examinations with contrast (barium swallow/meal, enteroclysis), computed tomography (CT) enterography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound. Functional assessments include esophageal manometry and pH monitoring for reflux; small-bowel or colonic transit studies can assess motility. Laboratory-based stool tests, such as fecal calprotectin, help detect intestinal inflammation. Non-invasive tests include breath tests for Helicobacter pylori or carbohydrate malabsorption and serology for celiac disease. Biopsy samples obtained during endoscopy or imaging-guided procedures may provide histological confirmation.

Indications include suspected inflammatory bowel disease, peptic ulcers, malignancy, celiac disease, malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, or GI bleeding. The workup typically involves a referral by a clinician, pre-procedure preparation (such as fasting or bowel cleansing for colonoscopy), and, if indicated, sedation or anesthesia. Results are interpreted by gastroenterologists and may guide medical, endoscopic, or surgical treatment. Risks include sedation risks, bleeding, infection, or perforation, and not all tests are or can be diagnostic on their own.