Fázisátmenet

Fázisátmenet, or phase transition, is a fundamental concept in physics and chemistry that describes the transformation of a system from one phase to another. Phases are distinct states of matter, such as solid, liquid, and gas, which have different physical properties. Phase transitions occur when a system is subjected to changes in temperature, pressure, or other external conditions.

There are several types of phase transitions, including:

1. First-order phase transitions: These involve a discontinuous change in the system's properties, such as volume or entropy, at a specific temperature or pressure. Examples include the melting of ice into water and the boiling of water into steam.

2. Second-order phase transitions: These occur gradually over a range of temperatures or pressures, with continuous changes in the system's properties. An example is the transition from a paramagnetic to a ferromagnetic state in certain materials.

3. Higher-order phase transitions: These involve more complex changes in the system's properties and can occur in various dimensions and symmetries.

Phase transitions are governed by thermodynamic principles and can be described using mathematical models, such as the van der Waals equation and the Ising model. They play a crucial role in various fields, including materials science, condensed matter physics, and statistical mechanics. Understanding phase transitions is essential for developing new materials, designing efficient energy systems, and exploring the fundamental properties of matter.