Frastøter

Frastøter is a Norwegian term used to describe an agent, interaction, or force that pushes objects apart or discourages contact. The word derives from frastøte, meaning to push away. In practice, frastøter can refer to physical forces, chemical interactions, or behavioral deterrents that prevent approach or attachment.

In physics, frastøting refers to repulsive forces between bodies or charges. Classic examples are electrostatic repulsion between like charges, magnetic repulsion between similar poles, and short-range quantum mechanical repulsion arising from overlapping electron clouds (Pauli repulsion). These forces help stabilize systems by preventing particles from occupying the same space.

In chemistry and materials science, frastøting can emerge from steric hindrance, where bulky groups block close approach between molecules, or from hydration and other interfacial forces that create energy barriers to contact. Frastøter concepts are important in colloid stability, crystal growth, and surface science, influencing adhesion, adsorption, and self-assembly.

In biology and ecology, frastøter often describe substances or traits that deter organisms from approaching or feeding on a surface. This includes insect repellents, plant-produced deterrents against herbivores, and anti-fouling coatings that reduce organismal attachment.

The term is also used more broadly in everyday language to denote anything that repels or resists contact, and in engineering to describe coatings or designs that create repulsive interactions to reduce sticking, wear, or interference.