Flavinoonid

Flavinoonid is not a recognized term in standard chemical nomenclature. It is likely a misspelling or misnomer for flavonoid, a large and diverse class of polyphenolic compounds produced by plants.

Flavonoids share a common 15-carbon skeleton built from two aromatic rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C). They occur as aglycones and as glycosides, and are subdivided into several major groups based on their core structure: flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanols (or catechins), isoflavones, and the anthocyanidins/anthocyanins that provide many plant pigments. Common examples include quercetin and kaempferol (flavonols), catechin (a flavanol), hesperidin (a flavanone glycoside), and cyanidin (an anthocyanidin).

Biosynthesis of flavonoids proceeds through the phenylpropanoid pathway. p-Coumaroyl-CoA combines with three malonyl-CoA units via chalcone synthase to form a chalcone, which is isomerized to flavanones and then modified through hydroxylation, methylation, glycosylation, and other steps to yield the diverse flavonoid set. These compounds accumulate in various plant tissues and can function as pigments, UV protectants, signaling molecules, and part of the plant’s defense system against pathogens and herbivores.

In human diets, flavonoids are abundant in fruits, vegetables, tea, wine, and whole grains. They are studied for potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiometabolic effects, but health outcomes vary and no universal health claim applies. Flavonoids are routinely investigated for their roles in plant physiology, ecology, and nutrition.