Fagosytosilla

Fagosytosilla, also known as phagocytosis, is a fundamental cellular process in which a cell engulfs and internalizes particles, such as bacteria, dead cells, or debris, through its membrane. This mechanism plays a crucial role in the immune response and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis is primarily carried out by specialized immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, though other cell types can also exhibit this function.

The process begins when a phagocyte recognizes a target particle through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind to specific molecular patterns, such as lipopolysaccharides on bacterial cell walls. Once bound, the cell membrane extends pseudopods—temporary projections—that surround and engulf the particle, forming a phagosome. The phagosome then detaches from the membrane and fuses with lysosomes, acidic organelles containing digestive enzymes. Within the phagolysosome, the engulfed material is degraded into smaller molecules, which are subsequently expelled from the cell or recycled.

Phagocytosis is essential for defending against infections by eliminating pathogens, clearing cellular debris, and promoting wound healing. Dysfunction in this process can lead to immune disorders, chronic inflammation, or impaired tissue repair. Additionally, phagocytosis is not limited to immune cells; some non-immune cells, like certain epithelial or stromal cells, can also perform phagocytosis under specific conditions. This versatility highlights its importance in both innate immunity and cellular maintenance.