Extrazellulärratrix

Extrazellulärratrix is a term used in some contexts to denote the extracellular matrix (ECM), the complex network of macromolecules that resides in the extracellular space of tissues. It is not a standard term in all scientific literature, but it is sometimes encountered in German-language texts or in fictional/speculative biology to refer to the matrix surrounding cells. The ECM is produced by resident cells such as fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and chondrocytes, and it forms a dynamic scaffold that supports tissue structure and facilitates communication between cells.

The ECM is composed of a diverse set of components, including fibrillar collagens (notably type I and III), elastin for elasticity, basement membrane constituents such as laminins and type IV collagen, and adhesive glycoproteins like fibronectin and tenascin. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, including hyaluronan, fill the extracellular space and regulate hydration, porosity, and bioavailability of signaling molecules. Collectively, these components create a highly organized, yet adaptable, environment that influences cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

Remodeling of the ECM is a continuous process governed by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), their inhibitors (TIMPs), and various cross-linking enzymes. Mechanical properties, such as stiffness and fiber alignment, provide signals to cells through integrin receptors, shaping development, tissue maintenance, and responses to injury. Abnormal ECM remodeling is associated with fibrosis, tumor progression, and aging, while properly regulated ECM dynamics support wound healing and tissue regeneration. In research and biotechnology, decellularized ECM and synthetic mimetics are used to study ECM functions and to create scaffold materials for tissue engineering.