Etzkowitz

Etzkowitz is a surname. The best-known bearer is Henry Etzkowitz, American sociologist and scholar of science, technology, and innovation. He is credited with developing the Triple Helix model of university–industry–government relations, first proposed with Loet Leydesdorff in the 1990s. The model describes how interactions among universities, industry, and government can foster knowledge-based economic development, entrepreneurship, and regional innovation systems.

It has been applied in policy analysis, the design of entrepreneurial universities, and the assessment of innovation ecosystems. Etzkowitz has published extensively on higher education reform, science policy, and the governance of innovation, including studies of how universities adopt entrepreneurial functions and spin-off activity. While not exclusively limited to Etzkowitz's work, the Triple Helix framework remains a central reference in studies of innovation and knowledge economies.