Endotoksineja

Endotoksineja, also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are complex molecules consisting of three parts: lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and an O-antigen repeating unit. Lipid A is the toxic part of the endotoxin and is responsible for its biological activity. The core polysaccharide is a shorter chain of sugars that links lipid A to the O-antigen. The O-antigen is a long polysaccharide chain that extends outwards from the bacterial surface and is highly variable between different bacterial species and strains.

Endotoxins are released from the bacterial cell wall when the bacteria die and lyse, or through active secretion. They are potent stimulators of the immune system. When endotoxins enter the bloodstream, they can bind to receptors on immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. This binding triggers a cascade of inflammatory responses, leading to the release of various cytokines and chemokines.

The effects of endotoxin exposure can range from mild, localized inflammation to severe systemic reactions, including fever, chills, and a drop in blood pressure. In large quantities, endotoxins can cause septic shock, a life-threatening condition characterized by widespread inflammation, organ damage, and circulatory collapse. Endotoxins are also implicated in the pathogenesis of various infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, contributing to tissue damage and disease progression. Their presence can complicate medical procedures and poses a significant challenge in healthcare settings.