Endomykorizae

Endomycorrhizae, also known as arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), are a type of symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots. The name "endo" signifies that the fungal hyphae penetrate the plant root cells, forming specialized structures within them. These structures include arbuscules, which are branched hyphal tips that serve as the primary site of nutrient exchange, and vesicles, which are swollen sacs that store lipids and other nutrients. The fungal partner in endomycorrhizal associations belongs to the phylum Glomeromycota.

This symbiotic relationship is characterized by mutual benefit. The plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis, essentially sugars. In return, the fungus significantly enhances the plant's ability to absorb essential nutrients from the soil, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, which are often immobile or present in low concentrations. The extensive network of fungal hyphae acts as an extension of the plant's root system, exploring a larger volume of soil and accessing nutrients that the plant roots alone could not reach. This improved nutrient uptake can lead to increased plant growth, improved stress tolerance, and enhanced overall health. Endomycorrhizal associations are widespread, found in approximately 70-80% of terrestrial plant species, including many important agricultural crops and wild plants. They play a crucial role in terrestrial ecosystems and soil health.