Endoflifeopties

End-of-life options refer to the range of choices available to individuals as they approach the end of life, with the aim of aligning care with personal values, preferences, and medical realities. These options cover medical treatment, symptom management, and decisions about the type and intensity of care to be provided, as well as planning for future care when one may not be able to communicate.

Common end-of-life options include palliative care and hospice services that emphasize comfort, pain control, and quality of life; ongoing symptom management; and decisions about life-sustaining interventions such as resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, or feeding tubes. Many people also engage in advance care planning, creating advance directives or living wills and designating a healthcare proxy. In some jurisdictions, physician-assisted death or euthanasia is permitted under strict safeguards, while in others it is not.

Legal status and ethical considerations vary by country and region. Safeguards typically require capacity, informed consent, and sometimes a two-step process or second opinions. The role of families and surrogates is prominent when patients lack decision-making capacity. Palliative and hospice care focus on symptom relief and quality of life, and are distinct from curative treatment, though patients may receive both depending on goals.

Decision-making around end-of-life options typically involves early and ongoing conversations among patients, families, and healthcare providers. Decision aids, patient education, and multidisciplinary care teams support informed choices. Access to services depends on healthcare systems, provider availability, and referral practices, which can lead to disparities in end-of-life care.