Elektrostatyczn

Elektrostatyczn appears to be a truncated form related to electrostatics, the branch of physics that studies electric charges at rest and the forces and fields they produce. In Polish, the field is elektrostatyka and the adjective is elektrostatyczny. The term in English is electrostatics.

Electrostatics focuses on stationary or slowly varying charge distributions, the electric fields they generate, and the electric potentials associated with those fields. Its foundational laws include Coulomb’s law, which states that the force between two point charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation. The electric field is defined as the force per unit charge, and Gauss’s law relates the flux of this field through a closed surface to the enclosed charge. The principle of superposition holds that the fields from multiple charges add vectorially.

Conductors and dielectrics exhibit characteristic electrostatic behavior: conductors tend to distribute excess charge on their surfaces, while dielectrics polarize in an external field. Concepts such as shielding (the Faraday cage), capacitance (C = Q/V), and the energy stored in capacitors (U = 1/2 CV^2) are central to applications and theory. The electrostatic potential, or voltage, is the work required per unit charge to bring a test charge from infinity to a point in the field.

Applications span industry and technology, including electrostatic painting and coating, electrostatic precipitators for air pollution control, and xerography and laser printing, which rely on electrostatic charges to move toner. In the broader framework of physics, electrostatics is the static limit of electromagnetism, described by Maxwell’s equations with negligible time variation of fields.