Elektromagnetyce

Elektromagnetyce is a branch of physics that studies the interactions between electric charges, electric currents and magnetic fields, as well as the electromagnetic fields that couple them. It describes how electric and magnetic phenomena influence each other and how time-varying fields can propagate through space as electromagnetic waves. The theory provides a unified description of electricity, magnetism, and light and underpins much of modern technology and communication.

Central to elektromagnetyce are Maxwell's equations, a set of four partial differential equations that relate electric fields (E), electric displacement (D), magnetic fields (B), and current density (J). Gauss's law for electricity describes how charges produce electric fields; Gauss's law for magnetism states there are no magnetic monopoles and that magnetic field lines are closed; Faraday's law of induction explains how changing magnetic fields induce electric fields; the Ampere-Maxwell law relates magnetic fields to electric currents and to changing electric fields (displacement current).

These equations imply that changing electric and magnetic fields propagate as waves at the speed of light in vacuum, and that light itself is an electromagnetic wave. The forces on charges are described by the Lorentz force law, F = q(E + v × B). Electromagnetyce thus links optics, electricity, magnetism, and radiation into a single framework.

Elektromagnetyce has wide-ranging applications in industry and science. It explains how antennas radiate and receive radio waves, how electrical devices convert energy, how optical communications propagate through fibers, and how medical imaging uses magnetic fields and radio waves. In addition to its classical form, the theory interfaces with quantum electrodynamics, where light is described as photons.