Elektrokatalyzátors

Elektrokatalyzátors, often shortened to electrocatalysts, are substances that enhance the rate of electrochemical reactions without being consumed in the process. They are essential components in a wide range of energy conversion and storage technologies. The primary function of an electrocatalyst is to lower the activation energy required for an electrochemical reaction to occur, thereby increasing its speed and efficiency. This is achieved by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower energy barrier.

Electrocatalysts are typically made of transition metals, their oxides, or their alloys. Noble metals like platinum, palladium, and ruthenium are highly effective due to their electronic properties and ability to form stable intermediates. However, their high cost has spurred research into developing more abundant and cost-effective alternatives, such as transition metal oxides, nitrides, and carbon-based materials doped with metals. The surface properties of an electrocatalyst are crucial, as the reaction occurs at the interface between the electrocatalyst, the electrolyte, and the reactant. Factors such as surface area, porosity, and the presence of specific active sites significantly influence catalytic activity.

The application of electrocatalysts spans numerous fields. They are fundamental to fuel cells, where they facilitate the oxidation of fuels and the reduction of oxygen. In electrolysis, they are used to drive non-spontaneous reactions, such as water splitting to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Batteries also rely on electrocatalysts for efficient charge transfer during charging and discharging cycles. Other significant applications include metal-air batteries, sensors, and electrosynthesis of chemicals. The ongoing development of novel electrocatalyst materials and architectures is a key area of research aiming to improve the performance and sustainability of these technologies.