Electrolytebased

Electrolyte-based refers to systems in which ionic conduction is mediated by an electrolyte medium, enabling charge transport between electrodes. The electrolyte serves as the medium for ions such as Li+, Na+, H+, or Zn2+. It may be aqueous, organic, polymeric, or solid. The term is commonly used in chemistry, electrochemistry, and energy storage.

Types and components: Liquid electrolytes (dissolved salts in solvents), solid-state electrolytes (ceramic or glassy), polymer electrolytes (polymer matrices with dissolved salts), gel electrolytes. In energy storage, electrolyte choices determine voltage window, safety, and ionic conductivity. For aqueous electrolytes, voltage window is limited by water electrolysis (~1.23 V). Non-aqueous and solid electrolytes permit higher voltages but have interface challenges.

Applications and trends: Batteries (lithium-ion, sodium-ion, flow batteries), supercapacitors, electroplating, electrolysis, sensors. Advantages: high ionic conductivity, tunable properties. Challenges: flammability and leakage of liquid electrolytes, dendrite growth, interfacial resistance, environmental and cost concerns. Emerging directions: solid-state electrolytes for improved safety, ionic liquids, gel polymers, and improved synthesis.