Efferocytos

Efferocytosis is a biological process in which apoptotic (dying) cells are recognized, engulfed, and removed by phagocytic cells, primarily macrophages and immature dendritic cells. The term originates from the Latin "effero," meaning "to carry away," and "cytosis," meaning "cell carrying." This process is vital for maintaining tissue homeostasis, preventing the release of potentially harmful intracellular contents, and suppressing inflammatory responses.

During efferocytosis, dying cells display specific signals on their surface, most notably the externalization of phosphatidylserine, which serves as an "eat-me" signal for phagocytes. Recognizing these signals, phagocytes tether to, engulf, and digest the apoptotic cells within phagosomes. This clearance mechanism is typically anti-inflammatory, promoting tissue repair and regeneration.

Dysregulation of efferocytosis has been linked to various pathological conditions, including chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, and atherosclerosis. In these diseases, defective clearance of apoptotic cells can lead to secondary necrosis, promoting inflammation and tissue damage.

Understanding efferocytosis has implications for therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing clearance of apoptotic cells, mitigating inflammation, and promoting tissue repair. Current research continues to explore molecular mechanisms governing this process, including receptor-ligand interactions and intracellular signaling pathways, to better comprehend its role in health and disease.