Ectoparasitic

An ectoparasite is an organism that lives on the exterior of a host and derives nutrients at the host’s expense. Unlike endoparasites, which inhabit internal tissues or organs, ectoparasites typically attach to the skin, hair, feathers, or mucous membranes and feed on blood, skin cells, or other secretions. They may spend the entire life cycle on a suitable host or move between hosts or environments.

Common ectoparasites include fleas, lice, ticks, and mites, as well as bed bugs and leeches. These organisms can vary widely in size, living requirements, and modes of attachment. Many rely on blood meals for reproduction and development, while others feed on shed skin, secretions, or tissue fluids. Some ectoparasites act as disease vectors, transmitting pathogens between hosts or from the environment to hosts.

The presence of ectoparasites can cause irritation, itching, and allergic reactions. Heavy infestations may lead to anemia, reduced growth or productivity in animals, and secondary infections from scratching or skin damage. In humans, ectoparasites can contribute to dermatological conditions and facilitate transmission of illnesses such as vector-borne diseases, depending on the species involved.

Control and prevention focus on reducing contact between host and parasite and breaking transmission cycles. Methods include personal hygiene and protective measures, regular grooming or bathing of hosts, environmental cleaning, use of topical or systemic treatments, and, when relevant, veterinary or public health interventions to manage reservoirs and vectors.