Dzongs

Dzongs are fortress-monasteries that form a distinctive feature of Bhutanese architecture. The term refers to fortresses that house both civil administration and a Buddhist monastic community. Dzongs typically serve as the administrative centers of districts (dzongkhags) and the headquarters of regional monastic authorities.

Most dzongs were built in the 17th century under the leadership of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal to unify the country and defend it from external threats. They were placed at strategic locations along routes and rivers, functioning as defensive strongholds as well as symbolic centers of imperial authority.

Architecturally, dzongs are characterized by thick exterior walls, corner towers, and massive gates surrounding a labyrinth of courtyards. The walls are typically whitewashed with red and ochre trim, and the roofs are slate or wood. Inside, a central temple or chapel (du-khang) and assembly halls are flanked by administrative offices and monks’ residences; the design emphasizes inward-looking courtyards and a hierarchical arrangement of spaces.

Today, many dzongs remain active as seats of district administration and as sites for religious festivals such as the tsechu, attracting pilgrims and visitors alike. They are celebrated as symbols of Bhutanese cultural identity and are preserved as part of the country’s architectural heritage. Notable examples include Punakha Dzong, Trongsa Dzong, Paro Dzong, and Wangdue Phodrang Dzong.