Dunces

Dunces is the plural form of dunce, a term that historically described a person regarded as slow to learn or lacking judgment. The usage has evolved from a formal label in scholastic contexts to a pejorative everyday insult, and is now considered archaic or offensive in many settings.

The term originates from Duns Scotus, a 13th-century Scottish philosopher; the name was Latinized as "Duns" Scotus. In medieval universities, scholars who adhered to his interpretations were sometimes called "Duns men" or "Dunses"; over time the word shifted to describe a person who learns slowly rather than a specific school.

From the 15th to 18th centuries the word was widely used as insult for students deemed stupid or stubborn. In 19th and early 20th century schools, children who struggled academically were sometimes subjected to the "dunce cap"—a conical hat used to shame the wearer, though instances and attitudes varied, and modern education criticizes the practice.

Today, "dunce" is largely outdated in formal language and can be offensive. It appears mostly in historical discussions, literature, or satirical contexts.

See also: Duns Scotus; Dunce cap; Education history.