Dispersin

Dispersin is a bacterial protein primarily associated with the pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli, particularly the enteroaggregative strain (EAEC). It plays a significant role in the colonization and pathogenesis of EAEC infections by facilitating bacterial adherence to the intestinal mucosa and promoting biofilm formation. Dispersin functions as a secreted factor that helps the bacteria disperse from biofilms, aiding in colonization of new sites within the host intestine.

The gene responsible for dispersin production is called aap (antigenic adherence factor), located on the EAEC virulence plasmid known as pAA. Dispersin is typically characterized by its ability to neutralize the negative charge of lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial surface, which reduces electrostatic repulsion, thereby enhancing adherence and biofilm development.

Clinically, the presence of dispersin has been associated with increased virulence of EAEC strains, contributing to diarrhea and other gastrointestinal illnesses, particularly in developing countries. Because of its role in pathogenicity, dispersin is considered a potential target for vaccine development and therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing or mitigating EAEC-related diseases.

Research indicates that dispersin's activity is tightly regulated and that it acts synergistically with other virulence factors such as aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAFs). Understanding dispersin's structure and function provides insights into EAEC infection mechanisms and offers avenues for the development of diagnostic tools and treatments for infections caused by this pathogen.