Difúzne

Difúzne is a term used in Czech and Slovak to denote something related to diffusion, the spontaneous spread of particles, heat, or other quantities from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration due to random motion. In everyday usage, phrases such as difúzne procesy or difúzne vlastnosti refer to processes or properties governed by diffusion. The concept is central to physics, chemistry, biology, materials science and environmental science.

In physics and chemistry, diffusion is described by Fick's laws. The first law relates the diffusive flux to the concentration gradient; the second law describes how concentration changes over time. The diffusion coefficient D quantifies the rate of diffusion and depends on temperature, medium, and the diffusing species. In biology, diffusion supplies nutrients and removes waste across membranes, and governs gas exchange in tissues.

In materials science, difúzny transport explains how atoms or molecules migrate in solids, affecting alloy homogenization, corrosion, and polymer aging. In environmental contexts, diffusive spreading determines how pollutants disperse in air and groundwater, often together with advection and turbulence.

Limitations: pure diffusion is slow over macroscopic distances and can be anisotropic or hindered by heterogeneity; real systems often involve coupled transport mechanisms. Mathematical models use partial differential equations, such as the diffusion equation ∂C/∂t = ∇·(D∇C).