Dicarboxüülhapped

Dicarboxüülhapped are organic compounds that contain two carboxyl functional groups. The general formula for a dicarboxylic acid is R(COOH)2, where R is an alkyl or aryl group. The two carboxyl groups can be attached to the same carbon atom, in which case they are called geminal dicarboxylic acids, or they can be attached to different carbon atoms, in which case they are called vicinal or homologous dicarboxylic acids.

The properties of dicarboxylic acids depend on the number of carbon atoms between the two carboxyl groups. Short-chain dicarboxylic acids, such as oxalic acid (ethanedioic acid) and malonic acid (propanedioic acid), are soluble in water and have acidic properties. As the chain length increases, the solubility in water decreases, and the acidity also decreases. Long-chain dicarboxylic acids, such as adipic acid (hexanedioic acid), are solids at room temperature and have a waxy texture.

Dicarboxylic acids are used in a variety of applications. For example, oxalic acid is used as a cleaning agent and a mordant in dyeing. Malonic acid is used in the synthesis of barbiturates and other pharmaceuticals. Adipic acid is a precursor to nylon, a widely used synthetic polymer. Other dicarboxylic acids are used as plasticizers, lubricants, and food additives. The reactions of dicarboxylic acids are similar to those of monocarboxylic acids, but they can undergo additional reactions due to the presence of two carboxyl groups. For instance, they can form cyclic anhydrides when heated, and they can be reduced to diols.