Diazóxido

Diazóxido is a pharmaceutical agent that acts as a potassium channel opener, used primarily as an antihypoglycemic drug and as a vasodilator in certain medical emergencies. It is employed to manage severe hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, such as that caused by insulinomas or congenital hyperinsulinism, and to acutely reduce blood pressure in hypertensive emergencies under careful medical supervision.

The mechanism of action involves opening ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. In pancreatic beta cells, this hyperpolarizes the cell membrane and inhibits voltage-gated calcium entry, suppressing insulin secretion. In vascular smooth muscle, KATP channel opening induces relaxation and vasodilation, lowering systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure.

Diazóxido can be administered orally or intravenously, with dosage tailored to the condition being treated and patient factors. Its effects are relatively long-lasting, which allows for less frequent dosing in some settings, but also necessitates ongoing monitoring for adverse reactions and fluid balance. In congenital hyperinsulinism, it may reduce hypoglycemic episodes in a substantial subset of patients, while in hypertensive crises it is used as a short-term, urgent therapy.

Adverse effects are common and include hyperglycemia, edema, tachycardia, hypotension, nausea, and nausea. Long-term use can cause hirsutism (excessive hair growth) and fluid retention, which may worsen heart failure in susceptible individuals. Diazóxido can interact with insulin or other hypoglycemic agents, potentially altering glucose control, and should be used with caution in patients taking other vasodilators or antihypertensives. Contraindications include hypersensitivity to the drug and conditions predisposed to hypotension or fluid overload.