Decellularization

Decellularization is the process of removing cellular components from tissues or whole organs while preserving the extracellular matrix (ECM), creating a scaffold that retains native architecture and biochemical cues to support regeneration and tissue engineering. It aims to minimize immunogenic cellular material while maintaining ECM composition and mechanical properties.

Methods include physical approaches (freeze-thaw cycles, agitation, high hydrostatic pressure), chemical treatments (detergents such as SDS, Triton X-100; acids or bases), and enzymatic digestion (nucleases, proteases). Perfusion decellularization uses vascular or other conduits to deliver solutions, enabling treatment of whole organs while maintaining macrostructure. Success is assessed by removal of cells and DNA, preserved ECM structure, and retained biomechanical properties.

The resulting decellularized ECM serves as a scaffold for in vitro recellularization with patient-derived cells or stem cells, potentially enabling autologous grafts. Applications span tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and disease modeling, including scaffolds for skin, tendon, blood vessels, cornea, and whole-organ engineering in experimental settings.

Advantages include reduced risk of immune rejection and preservation of native ECM cues. Challenges include achieving complete decellularization without ECM damage, potential residual DNA or detergents, changes to mechanical properties, sterilization, and scalability. Regulatory considerations require thorough characterization and clinical-grade sourcing.

Ongoing research focuses on improving decellularization protocols, standardizing assessment metrics, and developing reliable recellularization techniques to translate decellularized matrices into safe, effective therapies.