DNAfundamentele

DNAfundamentele is a term used to describe the core concepts underlying deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the molecule that carries genetic information in most living organisms. DNA is a long polymer composed of repeating units called nucleotides, each containing a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The molecule forms a double helix with two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases: adenine paired with thymine, and cytosine paired with guanine.

Functional role: DNA stores information necessary for growth, development, and function. Genes are specific DNA sequences that code for proteins or functional RNA. Through transcription, a DNA template is used to produce messenger RNA, which is then translated into proteins by the cellular machinery. The central dogma summarizes this flow of information. Noncoding regions regulate gene expression and genome architecture.

Replication and organization: DNA is replicated semi-conservatively during cell division, with enzymes including helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, and ligase orchestrating unwinding, synthesis, and joining of new strands. In eukaryotes, DNA is packaged with histone proteins into chromatin, enabling compact storage and regulation.

Variation and technology: Genetic variation arises through mutations, recombination, and sexual reproduction, driving evolution. Modern technologies such as DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, and genome editing (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9) enable analysis and manipulation of DNA for medicine, research, and biotechnology.

Historical context: The discovery of the DNA structure in the 1950s, built upon X-ray diffraction data and contributions by Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkins, established the foundation for molecular genetics.