D4294

D4294 is an ASTM International standard test method for determining sulfur in petroleum and petroleum products by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. It provides a rapid, non-destructive means to quantify total sulfur content in a wide range of hydrocarbon matrices, including fuels, lubricants, and related products. The method relies on measuring characteristic X-rays emitted by sulfur atoms when the sample is irradiated with primary X-rays, with concentrations calculated from calibration standards and appropriate matrix corrections.

The scope covers liquids and certain solid petroleum-derived materials that can be analyzed by XRF, typically with minimal sample preparation. Users select suitable sample cups or holders and follow prescribed calibration procedures, instrument settings, and correction routines described in the standard. The method specifies how to handle background subtraction, interference corrections, and quality control checks to ensure reliable results. Results are reported as mass fraction of sulfur, usually in units such as percent sulfur or milligrams per kilogram.

Applications and limitations: D4294 is widely used in the oil and gas industry, refineries, and quality-control laboratories to monitor sulfur levels in fuels and lubricants to meet regulatory and product-specification requirements. Its non-destructive nature and speed are advantages, but accuracy depends on sample homogeneity, matrix effects, and instrument calibration. The method is best suited for routine analyses and for screening large sample sets; for trace-level sulfur or highly complex matrices, alternative methods may be considered.