Congregationalism

Congregationalism is a system of church governance in which each local church is autonomous and self-governing, rather than controlled by a central hierarchy. The term also refers to a broader movement of churches that emphasize this polity. Congregations may cooperate in associations or unions for shared mission, but ultimate authority resides in the members of the local church.

In Congregational churches, decisions such as calling and ordaining a pastor, selecting lay officers, approving budgets, and judging disciplinary matters are typically made by the congregation in a members’ meeting. The role of clergy and lay leadership varies by tradition; some churches emphasize broad lay participation, while others rely on elected boards or councils. Cooperative bodies exist for common ministry, but they are voluntary rather than governing authorities.

History: Congregationalism grew from the English Independents and Puritans in the 16th and 17th centuries and became prominent among the English-speaking settlers of New England. In the United States, many early churches were Congregational, and over time some joined mergers that formed the United Church of Christ. In the United Kingdom, Congregational churches trace to independent congregations; many later aligned with ecumenical bodies or formed federations.

Today, congregationalism survives in diverse forms worldwide. While local autonomy remains central, churches often join regional or national associations for shared programs and accountability. Theologies and worship styles within congregational churches range from evangelical to liberal, reflecting a broad spectrum united by the same basic polity.