Conference

A conference is a formal gathering for discussion and the exchange of information, typically involving presentations, discussion, and networking. They are organized by academic institutions, professional associations, businesses, and government bodies, and bring together researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and students.

There are several types: academic or scientific conferences focus on scholarly work and may require the submission and peer review of abstracts or papers, with proceedings published afterward. Professional or industry conferences emphasize practical applications, demonstrations, and networking. Conferences range from regional to national or international in scope.

A conference program usually includes plenary sessions with keynote speakers, parallel sessions or tracks, panels, workshops, poster sessions, and exhibits. Programs are organized by a program committee guided by a conference theme. Attendees participate through talks, discussions, and Q&A, and may register in advance; some events are invitation-only.

Many conferences publish proceedings, which collect the presented papers or summaries. Proceedings may be printed or available online and are sometimes indexed in bibliographic databases. Conferences may offer continuing education credits or certificates. In recent years, virtual and hybrid formats have become common, expanding access and reducing travel.

Historically, professional and scholarly conferences emerged as formal gatherings to share findings and coordinate activities. Over time, they evolved into central mechanisms for dissemination and collaboration in many fields, with annual or biennial meetings, regional networks, and international organizations hosting large congresses.