Cementációval

Cementációval, or cementation in English, is a geological process where minerals precipitate from pore water and bind loose sedimentary grains together, forming a solid rock. This process is a crucial part of lithification, the transformation of unconsolidated sediment into sedimentary rock. The minerals that typically precipitate during cementation include calcite (calcium carbonate), silica (quartz), and iron oxides.

Cementation can occur in various depositional environments, such as shallow marine, fluvial, or eolian settings. The source of the precipitating minerals is often the dissolution of other minerals in the surrounding rock or sediment, or it can be transported from elsewhere. The rate of cementation and the type of cement formed significantly influence the resulting rock's porosity, permeability, and strength.

For example, abundant calcite cement can fill pore spaces, reducing porosity and permeability, which is important in the formation of dense limestone. Silica cement, often quartz, can create strong, durable rocks like well-cemented sandstone. Iron oxide cements can impart red or brown colors to the rock. The presence and type of cement are key characteristics used in the classification and understanding of sedimentary rocks. This process is fundamental to the rock cycle and the formation of many economically important resources, including aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs.