Casokinins

Casokinins are a group of biologically active peptides derived from casein, the primary protein found in milk. These peptides are generated during digestion by proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, or through fermentation processes involving microorganisms like lactic acid bacteria. Casokinins are typically composed of 2 to 20 amino acids and exhibit various physiological effects depending on their sequence and structure.

The biological activity of casokinins has been extensively studied, particularly for their potential health benefits. One of the most well-known groups is the phosphopeptides, which contain phosphorylated serine residues. These peptides have been shown to influence mineral absorption, particularly calcium, by enhancing its bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract. This property has led to interest in their use as functional food ingredients to support bone health.

Beyond mineral absorption, casokinins have been linked to other physiological roles, including antihypertensive effects due to their ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Some casokinins also exhibit antimicrobial properties, potentially contributing to food preservation and gut health by modulating the gut microbiota. Additionally, research suggests they may play a role in immune modulation and neuroprotective effects, though these areas remain under investigation.

Casokinins are naturally present in dairy products, but their concentration can vary depending on processing methods such as fermentation, hydrolysis, or enzymatic treatment. Due to their potential health benefits, they are often incorporated into functional foods, supplements, and fortified beverages. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate their mechanisms of action and optimize their application in human nutrition.