Campak

Campak is the Indonesian term for measles, an acute viral disease caused by the measles virus, a member of the Morbillivirus genus. It is one of the most contagious infectious diseases and is transmitted mainly through respiratory droplets and aerosols. People are typically highly contagious from several days before the onset of the characteristic rash until a few days after.

The incubation period is usually about 10 to 14 days. Initial symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose (coryza), and red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis). A few days into the illness, Koplik spots may appear on the inside of the cheeks. The rash typically begins on the face or hairline and spreads downward to the trunk and limbs, persisting for several days. Complications are common in young children and adults and can include pneumonia, diarrhea, otitis media, and, more rarely, encephalitis. Malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency increase the risk of severe disease. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare but serious late complication.

Prevention relies on vaccination. The measles vaccine is often given as part of the MMR vaccine, usually in two doses. High vaccination coverage provides herd immunity, reducing transmission and preventing outbreaks. Diagnosis is usually clinical, supported by laboratory tests such as serology or PCR when needed. Treatment focuses on supportive care, including hydration and fever management; vitamin A supplementation is recommended in many settings to reduce complications. Campak remains a major public health concern in areas with low immunization coverage.