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CPU scheduling is a fundamental operating system concept that determines which process or thread gets access to the CPU at any given time. When multiple processes are ready to run, the scheduler must decide which one to execute next. This decision-making process is crucial for maximizing CPU utilization, minimizing response time, and ensuring fairness among processes.

There are various CPU scheduling algorithms, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) is the simplest, executing processes in the order they arrive. Shortest Job First (SJF) prioritizes processes with the smallest estimated execution time, aiming to reduce average waiting time. Round Robin (RR) assigns a fixed time quantum to each process, giving each a turn in a cyclic manner, which is effective for interactive systems. Priority scheduling assigns a priority level to each process, with higher priority processes being executed before lower priority ones.

Preemptive scheduling allows a currently running process to be interrupted and moved to the ready state if a higher priority process arrives or its time quantum expires. Non-preemptive scheduling, on the other hand, allows a process to run until it completes or voluntarily yields the CPU. The choice of scheduling algorithm depends on the specific requirements of the system, such as whether it's a batch processing system, a time-sharing system, or a real-time system. Effective CPU scheduling is vital for the overall performance and responsiveness of any computing system.