CEQA

The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) is a statute enacted by the California Legislature and codified in the Public Resources Code (21000 et seq.). Adopted in 1970, CEQA requires state and local public agencies to analyze the environmental effects of discretionary projects they approve or authorize, and to mitigate significant impacts where feasible. The act applies to a wide range of projects, including land use changes, public works, and infrastructure, and it emphasizes public disclosure and avoidance of unnecessary harm to the environment.

The CEQA process begins with determining whether a project may have significant environmental effects, typically through an initial study. If the study indicates potential significant impacts, an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) is prepared. An EIR describes the project, the affected environment, potential impacts, mitigation measures, and alternatives, and it undergoes public review. If impacts are not significant, a Negative Declaration (ND) or a Mitigated Negative Declaration (MND) may be issued. Mitigation measures are documented and, in many cases, enforced through a Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program.

Lead agencies must adopt CEQA findings and can impose conditions or require project redesign to reduce impacts. Public involvement includes scoping, comment periods, and hearings. The act also allows for appeals and judicial review if parties believe the process or conclusions were flawed. In the 2010s, California enacted reforms to address transportation impacts (SB 743) and tribal cultural resources (AB 52), reflecting ongoing efforts to balance environmental protection with project efficiency.

CEQA remains a central tool in California for evaluating environmental consequences of development and guiding responsible decision-making by public agencies.