C1H4

C1H4 denotes methane, the simplest alkane and the main component of natural gas. Its conventional chemical formula is CH4, consisting of one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.

Methane has a tetrahedral molecular geometry, with sp3 hybridization at carbon and C–H bond lengths of about 1.09 Å. The molecule is nonpolar and exists as a colorless, odorless gas at room temperature. Its standard boiling point is −161.5 °C and its melting point is −182.5 °C. Methane is less soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents; it is lighter than air and highly flammable.

Occurrence and production are centered on natural gas reservoirs and petroleum systems, where methane is the dominant hydrocarbon. It is also produced by anaerobic decomposition in wetlands and ruminant digestion. Industrially, methane is obtained from natural gas and can be converted to synthesis gas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) via steam reforming or partial oxidation, serving as a feedstock for chemicals such as methanol and various hydrocarbons.

Applications of methane include its use as a fuel for heating, cooking, and electricity generation, particularly in natural gas-fired power plants and appliances. It is also a key feedstock in the chemical industry, providing hydrogen and carbon monoxide for the production of hydrogen, methanol, and other chemicals.

Safety and environmental aspects are important: methane is highly flammable and can form explosive mixtures with air. Pure methane is odorless, so odorants are often added for leak detection. It is a potent greenhouse gas, with a significant global warming potential over a 100-year horizon, and leaks from energy systems contribute to climate change.