Bráðaofnæmislost

Bráðaofnæmislost, also known as anaphylactic shock, is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur rapidly after exposure to an allergen. It is a systemic response involving multiple organ systems. The most common triggers include certain foods, insect stings, medications, and latex.

The onset of anaphylactic shock is typically sudden, often within minutes to an hour of exposure to the trigger. Symptoms can vary but commonly include hives, itching, swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat, difficulty breathing, wheezing, a drop in blood pressure, rapid heart rate, dizziness, and loss of consciousness. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea can also occur.

The underlying mechanism involves the release of potent chemical mediators, such as histamine, from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause widespread vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contraction, leading to the characteristic signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis.

Immediate treatment is crucial and involves administering epinephrine (adrenaline) without delay. Epinephrine counteracts the effects of the released mediators by constricting blood vessels, relaxing airway muscles, and increasing heart rate. Following epinephrine administration, individuals should seek emergency medical attention, as further supportive care, including oxygen, intravenous fluids, and antihistamines, may be necessary. Preventing future reactions involves identifying and strictly avoiding known allergens and carrying an epinephrine auto-injector at all times.