Bosones

Bosones, or bosons in English, are particles with integer spin that obey Bose-Einstein statistics. Unlike fermions, which have half-integer spin and obey the Pauli exclusion principle, multiple bosons can share the same quantum state. This property underpins phenomena such as coherent amplification and Bose-Einstein condensation. Bosons can be elementary, serving as force carriers, or composite, arising from bound states of fermions.

Examples include gauge bosons: photon (electromagnetic force), gluon (strong force), and the W and Z bosons (weak force); the Higgs boson is a scalar boson associated with the Higgs field. Composite bosons include mesons like pions, and bound states such as Cooper pairs in superconductors.

History and naming: The concept arises from Satyendra Nath Bose's work on statistics and Einstein's extension; the term "boson" was coined by Paul Dirac to honor Bose.

In the Standard Model, bosons mediate forces: photons mediate electromagnetism, gluons mediate the strong interaction, and the W and Z bosons mediate the weak interaction. The Higgs boson is associated with the Higgs field and with the mechanism that gives mass to other particles. Beyond particle physics, bosons also appear as quasiparticles in condensed matter physics, such as phonons.