Borelia

Borrelia is a genus of spirochete bacteria that are responsible for causing the disease known as Lyme disease, or Lyme borreliosis. These bacteria are transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of infected ticks, primarily from the Ixodes genus. Borrelia burgdorferi is the most well-known species, causing Lyme disease in North America and Europe. Other species, such as Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii, are also significant contributors to Lyme disease in Eurasia.

The spirochetes are characterized by their spiral shape, which allows them to move effectively through tissues. Once transmitted by a tick bite, the bacteria can disseminate throughout the body, affecting various organs and systems. Early symptoms of Lyme disease can include a characteristic rash called erythema migrans, fever, headache, and fatigue. If left untreated, the infection can progress to more severe stages, potentially leading to neurological problems, arthritis, and cardiac issues. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation and serological tests to detect antibodies against Borrelia. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics, with the duration and type depending on the stage of the disease. Prevention strategies focus on avoiding tick bites and promptly removing any attached ticks.