Blockwork

Blockwork is masonry construction that uses concrete masonry units (CMUs) or other blocks laid in mortar to form walls and other structural elements. Blocks can be hollow or solid and may be made from concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete, or clay-based materials. Concrete blocks are most common, while aerated blocks offer lighter weight and better insulation. Blocks are produced in standard sizes and can be reinforced with steel or filled with grout when higher strength is required.

Construction typically begins with a level, plumb layout. A bed joint of mortar is laid, the block is placed, and joints are tooled. Running bond is the common pattern; other bonds such as stack bond or Flemish are used in some applications. Openings for doors and windows require lintels or reinforced headers and may use special blocks. In seismic or high-load zones, blocks may be reinforced with vertical and horizontal steel and grout.

Blockwork offers durability, fire resistance, good thermal mass, and sound insulation, and can speed up construction. However it is heavy, can absorb moisture, and may require insulation or protective finishes to meet energy and moisture standards.

Blockwork is used for load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls, retaining walls, basements, and partitions in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Practices and dimensions vary by country, with local codes governing mortar mixes, block sizes, and reinforcement.