Biodegradables

Biodegradables are materials capable of being broken down by microorganisms into natural substances such as carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. Biodegradation depends on the presence of appropriate microbes and environmental conditions, including temperature, moisture, and oxygen, and can occur in soil, composting systems, or anaerobic digesters.

The term is not interchangeable with compostable. All compostable items biodegrade, but the reverse is not always true. Some biodegradable materials require industrial composting facilities with controlled heat and humidity; others may degrade slowly in soil or water. Home composting success varies by material.

Common biodegradable materials include bioplastics such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), as well as starch-based blends. Naturally occurring materials like paper, wood, cotton, and other natural fibers also biodegrade under suitable conditions.

Biodegradation rates are influenced by environment, material composition, thickness, and additives. Temperature, moisture, oxygen levels, microbial communities, and pH affect outcomes. In aquatic or landfill settings, some products may fragment rather than fully mineralize, which can contribute to microplastic pollution if not managed properly.

Standards and certifications exist to define compostability and biodegradability, such as ASTM D6400 or EN 13432, which specify disintegration and biodegradation criteria under controlled conditions. Labels and certifications help consumers distinguish materials that meet recognized performance thresholds.

Biodegradable materials can reduce persistent waste when paired with appropriate collection and processing systems. However, they are not a universal solution and may create leakage if disposed improperly. Lifecycle assessments and clear labeling help mitigate greenwashing and guide responsible use.