Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes that underlie living organisms. It sits at the intersection of biology and chemistry, seeking to understand how biomolecules assemble, interact, and regulate cellular activities to sustain life. Central topics include the structures and properties of biomolecules, the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis, and the regulation of metabolic pathways that convert nutrients into energy and biomass.

Biomolecules form the core of biochemistry: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, along with small molecules such as vitamins and cofactors. Proteins act as enzymes and structural components; nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information; lipids form membranes and signaling molecules; carbohydrates provide energy and structural support. Metabolism encompasses catabolism and anabolism, energy production via ATP, and redox chemistry, with pathways tightly regulated to respond to cellular needs. Techniques such as chromatography, electrophoresis, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography, and nuclear magnetic resonance enable the study of structure, dynamics, and interactions.

Historically, biochemistry emerged from chemical investigations of living systems in the 19th century, with milestones such as Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea and later discovery of enzymes by Eduard Buchner. The field expanded with molecular biology, genomics, and proteomics, leading to integrated approaches that link genetic information to biochemical function. Applications include medical diagnostics and therapeutics, drug design, industrial biocatalysis, agriculture, and biotechnology. Biochemistry remains fundamental to understanding physiology, disease, and the development of new technologies.