Basaalgangliad

The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei in the forebrain, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres. They are primarily involved in motor control, but also play roles in procedural learning, habit formation, eye movements, cognition, and emotion. The main components of the basal ganglia include the striatum (which is further divided into the caudate nucleus and the putamen), the globus pallidus (internal and external segments), the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus. These structures form complex loops with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, allowing for the precise regulation of movement. Dysfunction of the basal ganglia is associated with a variety of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Tourette syndrome. These disorders often manifest as involuntary movements, rigidity, slowness of movement, or difficulties with initiating and executing voluntary actions. The intricate circuitry of the basal ganglia allows for the selection and initiation of appropriate motor programs while suppressing unwanted movements. Their influence extends beyond motor functions, impacting cognitive processes like decision-making and emotional regulation, highlighting their widespread importance in brain function.