Artaxerxes

Artaxerxes is a name that appears in ancient history, most prominently associated with three Persian kings of the Achaemenid Empire. The most well-known figure is Artaxerxes I (also known as Artaxerxes Longimanus), who ruled from 465 to 424 BCE. He succeeded his father, Darius I, and is often remembered for his military campaigns, including the conquest of Thrace and the expansion of Persian influence into the Balkans. Artaxerxes I is also notable for his role in the Greco-Persian Wars, particularly during the second invasion of Greece by Xerxes I, though he did not personally lead this campaign. His reign saw the establishment of a more centralized administration, and he is credited with strengthening the empire’s economic and cultural ties.

Another significant figure is Artaxerxes II (also known as Artaxerxes Mnemôn), who ruled from 404 to 358 BCE. His reign was marked by political instability, including the rise of the satrapies and the eventual rebellion of the Greek city-states, which led to the defeat of the Persians at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BCE. Artaxerxes II faced challenges such as the assassination of his brother, Darius II, and the rise of rival claimants to the throne. His reign also saw a decline in Persian dominance over the Greek world, though he attempted to maintain control through diplomacy and concessions.

The third Artaxerxes, Artaxerxes III (Artaxerxes Ochus), ruled from 358 to 338 BCE. His reign was dominated by the Persian Wars with Macedon, culminating in the defeat of the Persian Empire at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BCE by Alexander the Great. Artaxerxes III is often remembered for his eventual flight from power, leading to the collapse of the Achaemenid dynasty. His reign marked the end of the Persian Empire as it was known during the Classical period.

Artaxerxes is also referenced in the Bible, particularly in the Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah, where he is described as a king who permitted the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple. This historical figure serves as a bridge between ancient Persian history and the biblical narratives of post-exilic Judaism.