Apuverbit

Apuverbit, or auxiliary verbs, are verbs that accompany a main verb to express grammatical information such as tense, aspect, mood, voice, or modality. They do not primarily carry lexical meaning themselves; instead they help to encode the structure of the clause.

Finnish uses several kinds of apuverbit. The most central is olla, which forms compound tenses by combining its finite forms with the participle of the main verb. For example, Olen tehnyt sen means I have done it, and Olin tehnyt sen means I had done it. The main verb is in a participle form in these constructions.

Modality and obligation are expressed with other auxiliaries such as voida (can/may), täytyä (must/has to) and saada (may/be allowed to). Example: Hän voi tulla (He can come). Minun täytyy mennä nyt (I must go now). Heidän piti lähteä (They were to leave). Pitäisi mennä ajoissa (Should go on time).

If there are multiple auxiliaries, they form a chain with the main verb at the end; for instance Olen ollut tehnyt expresses the perfect aspect “I have done,” and Kissa on syöty means “The cat has been eaten.” The use of apuverbit also influences negation, questions, and other grammatical constructions by providing the necessary auxiliary framework for the main verb to convey meaning.

In summary, apuverbit are an essential part of Finnish grammar, enabling speakers to express time, possibility, obligation, and voice through auxiliary coordination with the main verb.