Antibodiesoften

Antibodiesoften, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses. Each antibody is specific to a particular antigen, a molecule found on the surface of these pathogens. When an antibody encounters its corresponding antigen, it binds to it, marking the pathogen for destruction by other immune cells or interfering directly with its function.

The five main classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, each with distinct roles and locations in the body. IgG is the most abundant and provides long-term immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during an infection. IgA is found in bodily secretions like mucus and saliva, offering mucosal immunity. IgD is primarily found on the surface of B cells, playing a role in B cell activation. IgE is involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.

The production of antibodies is a complex process involving B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. When a B cell encounters an antigen that matches its receptor, it is activated and differentiates into plasma cells. These plasma cells then secrete large quantities of specific antibodies. This adaptive immune response is crucial for protecting the body from disease and is the basis for vaccination. Antibody testing is used in diagnostics to detect infections or monitor immune status.