Amphitheatres

An amphitheatre is a large open-air venue with seating arranged in one or more concentric or oval tiers around a central arena. The term derives from Greek words meaning “double view” or “on both sides of the theatre,” and it designates a freestanding, enclosed structure used for public spectacles. In Roman times, amphitheatres hosted a range of events such as gladiatorial combats, venationes (animal hunts), and staged naval battles, whereas Greek theatres were typically semi-circular and built into hillsides.

Architecturally, amphitheatres are characterized by an elliptical or circular plan and a multi-tier cavea, or seating area, surrounding a central arena. Access was aided by vomitoria, or grand entrances, that allowed rapid crowd movement. Below the arena, a hypogeum housed cages, machinery, and animals. The exterior often featured multiple arcade levels and a protective velarium, an awning used to shade spectators. Construction relied on stone and Roman concrete, with complex vaults and passages that supported large audiences.

Historically, amphitheatres flourished across the Roman world from the 1st century BCE into late antiquity. The Colosseum in Rome is the most famous example, illustrating the scale and engineering of imperial entertainment. Other notable sites include the Amphitheatre of Pompeii, the Arènes de Nîmes and the Arles Amphitheatre in Gaul, the Verona Arena in Italy, and the El Djem amphitheatre in Tunisia. Many survive as preserved monuments and tourist venues, and the term is still used for modern open-air arenas designed in a similar form.