Aminokyseliny

Aminokyseliny, also known as amino acids, are organic compounds that play a crucial role in the biology of all living organisms. They are composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain that determines the specific properties of each amino acid. There are 20 standard amino acids that are used to build proteins, which are essential for various biological functions, including structural support, enzymatic activity, and signal transduction.

Amino acids are classified into two main groups based on their side chains: nonpolar (hydrophobic) and polar (hydrophilic). Nonpolar amino acids have side chains that are hydrophobic and tend to cluster together in the interior of proteins, while polar amino acids have side chains that are hydrophilic and are often found on the surface of proteins, where they can interact with water molecules.

Amino acids can be further classified as essential or nonessential. Essential amino acids are those that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through diet. Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body and are often used as precursors for the synthesis of other compounds.

In addition to their role in protein synthesis, amino acids also play important roles in metabolism, neurotransmission, and immune function. They are involved in various biochemical pathways, including the citric acid cycle, the urea cycle, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Amino acids are also used in various industrial applications, including the production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and food additives. They are often used as a source of nitrogen for plants and are also used in the synthesis of various compounds, such as antibiotics and hormones.