Alloimmuniseeruda

Alloimmuniseeruda refers to the process by which an individual develops an immune response against antigens present on tissues or cells from another individual of the same species. This typically occurs after exposure to foreign cells, such as during blood transfusions, organ transplantation, or pregnancy. The immune system recognizes these foreign antigens as non-self and mounts a response, leading to the production of antibodies. These antibodies can then bind to the foreign cells and trigger their destruction or rejection.

In the context of blood transfusions, alloimmunisation can occur if a recipient receives blood with red blood cell antigens that they lack. For instance, if a person is Rh-negative and receives Rh-positive blood, they can become alloimmunised to the Rh factor. Subsequent exposure to Rh-positive blood can then lead to a hemolytic transfusion reaction, where the recipient's antibodies destroy the transfused red blood cells.

Similarly, in organ transplantation, recipients can become alloimmunised to antigens on the donor organ. This is a major challenge in transplantation and necessitates tissue typing and immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection.

Pregnancy is another common scenario for alloimmunisation. If a mother has an antigen that her fetus inherited from the father and the mother lacks, she can become alloimmunised to that fetal antigen. The most well-known example is Rh incompatibility, where an Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive fetus can develop antibodies against the Rh antigen, potentially leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn in future pregnancies. Alloimmunisation is a critical consideration in various medical procedures and can have significant clinical implications.