Alküünile

Alküünile is a term sometimes used, particularly in older or less formal contexts, to refer to compounds that belong to the alkyne functional group. Alkynes are hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The general formula for a simple alkyne, or a compound containing one triple bond, is CnH2n-2. This structure imparts unique chemical properties to alkynes.

The carbon atoms involved in a triple bond are sp hybridized, resulting in a linear geometry around that bond. This high degree of unsaturation makes alkynes more reactive than their alkane or alkene counterparts in certain types of chemical reactions. For instance, they readily undergo addition reactions across the triple bond, such as hydrogenation, halogenation, and hydrohalogenation. These reactions can proceed stepwise, potentially forming alkenes as intermediates, or fully saturate the molecule to produce alkanes.

Alkynes also exhibit characteristic acidity due to the electronegativity of the sp hybridized carbon atoms. Terminal alkynes, where the triple bond is at the end of a carbon chain, have a hydrogen atom attached to one of the sp hybridized carbons. This hydrogen can be abstracted by strong bases, forming acetylides, which are useful nucleophiles in organic synthesis. Acetylene (ethyne), the simplest alkyne, is a gas commonly used in welding and cutting due to the high temperature of its flame when burned with oxygen. The term "alküünile" is less common in modern scientific literature, with "alkyne" being the universally accepted nomenclature.