ATPsyntaas

ATP synthase is a molecular machine found in the membranes of cells that converts chemical energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy currency of the cell. It is a complex enzyme composed of multiple protein subunits. In eukaryotes, it is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, it is found in the plasma membrane. The enzyme functions like a rotary motor, where the flow of protons across the membrane drives the rotation of a central stalk. This rotation causes conformational changes in catalytic subunits, which then synthesize ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process, known as oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation, is crucial for cellular respiration and photosynthesis. The efficiency of ATP synthase is remarkable, making it one of the most important enzymes for life on Earth. Its discovery and elucidation of its mechanism have been recognized with Nobel Prizes. Disruptions in ATP synthase function can lead to severe metabolic disorders.