APOL1

APOL1 refers to the apolipoprotein L1 gene. This gene plays a role in lipid metabolism and is known to be involved in the development of certain kidney diseases, particularly in individuals of African ancestry. Variations, or alleles, within the APOL1 gene are strongly associated with an increased risk of developing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and hypertension-associated nephropathy. These APOL1 risk variants are found at a much higher frequency in populations with recent African ancestry compared to those of European ancestry. The exact mechanism by which these APOL1 variants contribute to kidney disease is still an active area of research. However, it is understood that they can lead to cellular damage in the kidneys, potentially through effects on cell membranes, lipid transport, or by increasing susceptibility to certain toxins. Understanding APOL1's role is crucial for diagnosing and potentially treating kidney disease in at-risk populations. Genetic testing for APOL1 risk variants is becoming increasingly available and can inform clinical management and research efforts aimed at developing targeted therapies.