ADGRF1

ADGRF1, also known as GPR110, is a member of the adhesion class of G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs). It is a membrane receptor characterized by a large extracellular N-terminal region connected to a seven-transmembrane domain and a GPCR proteolysis site within the GAIN domain, which allows autoproteolysis into an N-terminal and C-terminal fragment. Upon activation, ADGRF1 can couple to heterotrimeric G proteins and influence intracellular signaling pathways, including those involving cyclic adenosine monophosphate and phospholipase C, though the exact ligands and activation mechanisms are still under investigation.

Expression studies indicate that ADGRF1 is present in the brain and retina, and it is implicated in neural development, neurite outgrowth, and synapse formation, contributing to neuronal connectivity in the developing nervous system. As with other adhesion GPCRs, signaling may involve tethered agonist activity that is revealed or modulated after proteolysis, but the physiological relevance of this mechanism for ADGRF1 continues to be explored.

In humans, ADGRF1 is one of several adhesion GPCRs studied for roles in neural biology. Clear disease associations have not been established, but research continues to investigate potential links to neurological development and brain function. The exact expression patterns and functions of ADGRF1 can vary across tissues and developmental stages, reflecting the broader diversity of the adhesion GPCR family.